Acrome Products Role in Prof. Claudia Yaşar’s Teaching Approach

Role Of Acrome Products in Prof. Claudia Yaşar’s Teaching Approach

Introduction:

Having hands-on experiments for engineering students alongside their theoretical courses is essential for the students to have a deep understanding of the main concepts and getting them ready for the work environment. 

Prof. Claudia Fernanda Yaşar shares valuable insights about her teaching approach and talks about her criteria for choosing the products she gets for her experiments.

Who is Prof. Claudia Fernanda Yaşar ?

Dr. Fernanda Yaşar is an Assistant Professor in the Control and Automation Engineering Department  at Yildiz Technical University. Her research interests include mechatronics, non-linear control systems, kinematic and dynamic control of rigid and flexible robots, servo motion systems, system identification, dynamics, modelling and simulation, force and torque sensors, active touch sensing for robots, process control, real-time control, intelligent control systems, and among others. Some of her recent projects include:

  • Design, modeling, control, and vertical positioning of climbing robots under external effects (TUBITAK project)
  • Studies on a robotic device that minimizes end-point vibrations for Parkinson’s tremor (3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship)

Prof. Claudia Fernanda Yaşar next to acrome 1-dof copter

Importance of choosing the right teaching method:

Engineering programs often prioritize theory over practical applications, which can make it challenging for graduates to succeed in the workforce due to a lack of practical skills and experience. Additionally, engineering programs can be slow to adapt to new technologies, leaving students with outdated knowledge. Finally, there is often a disconnect between what students learn in the classroom and what they experience in the real world, making it difficult to apply theoretical knowledge. Professor Claudia Yaşar addresses these challenges by emphasizing practical implementation in her courses on control and automation engineering through homework assignments that require both simulation and real system implementation.

Prof. Claudia’s criteria for choosing the experiment products:

Prof. Claudia Yaşar follows a certain criteria before choosing suitable products for her students to use in her labs and courses. These criterias are:

Value for money:

Professor Claudia Yaşar has a set of criteria that she uses when choosing products for her labs and courses. One of these criteria is value for money, which is important because academic institutions often have limited funding. By selecting products that offer good value, teachers can ensure that they are getting the most for their money and that students have access to high-quality products that are up-to-date with the latest technology and tools. This can help students compete in the job market and prepare for life in the real world. Another important factor that Professor Yaşar considers is open-source software. By using products with open software, students have access to a variety of tools and resources, and products are updated regularly to ensure that students are learning with the newest resources and tools. This can help ensure that students are well-prepared for the job market and have the skills and knowledge they need to succeed.

Open-source software:

Another crucial criterion that Professor Claudia Yaşar considers when selecting products for her teaching approach is open-source software. Open software has a large community of developers supporting the product, which provides students with access to a variety of tools and resources. Additionally, open-source software ensures that the products are regularly updated and that students are taught using the latest resources and tools. By using products with open software, professors can help ensure that their students are well-prepared for the job market with the skills and knowledge required to succeed.

Ease to use:

Professor Claudia Yaşar values devices with user-friendly software and a Plug and Play design, as they allow students to focus on learning the topic rather than struggling with the technology. Simple and easy-to-use devices can also minimize frustration and increase engagement, ultimately helping students benefit more from their education. By selecting devices with these features, professors can ensure that their students can fully concentrate on the subject matter and get the most out of their learning experience.

acrome ball balancing table components

Technical Support and Documentation:

Documentation and technical support are critical for engineering systems, as they provide the foundation for the system’s dependability, maintainability, and scalability. Proper documentation ensures that the system is well-documented and can be easily understood, while technical support helps users operate the system effectively. Without documentation and technical support, engineering systems can be difficult to use, maintain, and scale. Therefore, it is essential to have these two components to ensure that experimental systems can be used effectively and maintained properly.

Why Prof. Claudia chose Acrome’s products to be a part of her laboratory ?

Acrome products are suitable for students with limited experimental experience, as they come with extensive technical support in the form of guides and documentation. The engineering staff at Acrome is friendly, professional, and highly skilled, ensuring that users have access to top-notch support. The products are designed specifically for academic use, with user-friendly software and Plug and Play devices that are easy to use. They are also designed for real-time implementation, making them accessible to both teachers and students.

The courseware provided by Acrome offers a starting point for implementing and designing controllers without requiring extensive knowledge of mechanics or hard work. Some students even conduct research by implementing multiple control methods and applications, allowing them to evaluate performance and validate their findings.

screenshot of acrome Ball Balancing Table Courseware
screenshot of acrome Ball Balancing Table Courseware
Ball Balancing Table Courseware

You can check Prof. Claudia’s lab:

Conclusion:

To summarize, Professor Claudia Yaşar takes into account various factors when choosing products for her teaching approach. These factors include products that provide value for money, have open software, are easy to use, and are designed for academic settings. By selecting products that meet these criteria, professors can ensure that their students are well-prepared for their future careers and equipped with the necessary skills to succeed in the real world.

Check the full interview with Professor Claudia:

Beginners Guide to Actuators

Introduction:

It is impossible to overestimate the significance of actuators in today’s industries. Automation and robotics are made possible by actuators, which leads to faster production as well as increased precision and safety.Actuators are used in a wide range of industries, such as manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, robotics, and home automation, to perform important functions, such as opening and closing valves, moving robotic arms, adjusting control surfaces, or actuating brakes.

A device that moves or operates something is called an actuator. When an actuator receives a portion of the input energy as a feedback control signal, the actuator starts moving the machine part. In other terms, an actuator transforms energy into mechanical or physical motion. An actuator’s primary function is to regulate a machine’s internal motions. It is a critical component in many systems and machines, providing the force and motion necessary for various operations. 

diagram of how an actuator works

Actuators can be categorized into 2 categories based on their source of energy and their range of motion. The 1st category includes Electrical, Hydraulic, Pneumatic,etc and the 2nd category includes linear and rotary actuators.

This image was created by DALL-E 🙂

Section 1: Types of Actuators based on their range of motion:

As mentioned before, actuators can be grouped according to their range of motion, for as whether they provide linear or rotary motion. Rotating actuators produce rotation around an axis, whereas linear actuators produce motion in a straight line. Engineers and designers can choose the most suitable actuator for their unique needs by being aware of the differences between various types of actuators.

Linear Actuators:

Linear actuators consist of several components, including a motor, lead screw, and guide rod. The motor provides the energy needed to move the actuator, while the lead screw translates rotational motion into linear motion. The guide rod ensures that the actuator moves in a straight line and prevents it from rotating. 

acrome linear actuator kit
Linear actuator kit

Rotary Actuators:

On the other hand, Rotary actuators as mentioned above rotate around their axis or simply create a circular motion, Rotary actuators generally consist of a shaft, housing, and internal mechanism. The shaft is the central part of the actuator that rotates around an axis. The housing encloses the internal mechanism, which may include gears, pistons, or other mechanisms that produce rotational motion. Rotary actuators have sub-sections that will be discussed on a blog specified for rotary actuators.

diagram of a rotary actuator

Section 2: Types of Actuators Based on Their Energy source:

The 3 most popular types of actuators based on their energy source are Electrical, Pneumatic and Hydraulic actuators – There are other types but not as popular so they will not be discussed, for extra information you can check the resources provided at the end of the blog- each type has its own advantages and disadvantages that will be discussed in this section. 

Electrical Actuators:

Electrical actuators, as it’s suggested from the name, which gives them some distinct advantages. They are known for being quieter than their counterparts, offering high levels of accuracy and precision. They also provide complete control over motion profiles and are easily programmable, making them suitable for a wide range of applications.

Despite their benefits, electric actuators also have some drawbacks. They can overheat, and their parameters such as speed and torque are fixed. Additionally, they tend to be more expensive than pneumatic or hydraulic actuators

Acrome’s Stewart platform integrates electrical actuators in their systems such as stewart platforms so it offers high precision alongside being easy to program making it perfect for use in research labs and universities.

an actuator of acrome stewart platform
acrome stewart platform
Stewart Pro Platform

Hydraulic Actuators:

To create force and motion, hydraulic actuators employ pressurized fluid. They are renowned for having a high power density and the capacity to produce significant forces, which makes them perfect for use in heavy-duty machinery and equipment for the construction and industrial sectors. Moreover, hydraulic systems can offer exact control over motion’s speed and direction, making them appropriate for uses where precise placement is important.

Yet, there are certain disadvantages to using hydraulic actuators. Leaks can be challenging to find and fix, and they need regular maintenance to keep the hydraulic fluid clean and clear of impurities. Due to the necessity for pumps, hoses, and other components, hydraulic systems can be expensive to build and maintain. Additionally, because the hydraulic fluid can become contaminated with particles over time, hydraulic systems might not be appropriate for situations where cleanliness is crucial.

diagram of a hydraulic actuators

Pneumatic Actuators:

Pneumatic actuators, on the other hand, use compressed air to generate force and motion. They are commonly used in industries where electrical power sources may not be available or not suitable due to safety concerns. Pneumatic actuators are lightweight, relatively inexpensive, and offer fast and precise operation. They are often used in applications where speed is critical, such as in the automation of assembly lines. 

However, pneumatic systems require a steady supply of compressed air, which can be costly to generate and maintain. They are also not as powerful as hydraulic or electrical actuators, which limits their use in heavy-duty applications. Despite these limitations, pneumatic actuators are still a popular choice for many industrial applications due to their reliability and efficiency.

robot with Pneumatic Actuators and grippers

Conclusion:

In conclusion, actuators play a crucial role in various industries, enabling automation and robotics to improve production speed, precision, and safety. With a wide range of applications in manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, robotics, and home automation, the choice of actuator depends on factors such as the energy source and the range of motion required.

We have explored the different types of actuators based on their range of motion, as well as their energy sources. Each type has its own unique advantages and disadvantages, making it essential for engineers and designers to select the most appropriate actuator for their specific needs.

In this blog series we will take a deep look into each type of actuator, providing a comprehensive understanding of their operation and potential applications. Stay tuned to learn more about the fascinating world of actuators and how they continue to shape our technological advancements.

To learn more about actuators and their applications, consider exploring the following resources:

  • Sclater, N., & Chironis, N. P. (2001). Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook. New York: McGraw-Hill. [A comprehensive guide to various types of actuators and their applications]

  • Rajput, R. K. (2018). A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. [A resource for understanding hydraulic actuators]

  • Pippenger, J. (2007). Pneumatic Actuators: For Industrial Automation. New York: Momentum Press. [A detailed introduction to pneumatic actuators]

  • Kuo, B. C. (2003). Automatic Control Systems. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. [A book covering various types of control systems, including those using actuators]

  • Uicker, J. J., Pennock, G. R., & Shigley, J. E. (2003). Theory of Machines and Mechanisms. New York: Oxford University Press. [A textbook providing an in-depth understanding of machines and mechanisms, including actuators]

Robotics and Automation News

Understanding PID Control: 2-DOF Ball Balancer Experiments

This article explains how to use PID controllers to solve a real-world balance problem. We need to calculate PID gains to do so. Let’s start first with the Ziegler-Nichols method:

Ziegler-Nichols Method

Ziegler-Nichols method is very useful for calculating the controller gains. This method begins by zeroing the integral and differential gains. After this step, the proportional gain is increased until the system oscillates. After finding the proportional gain that makes the system oscillate, the other gains of the controller are calculated with the help of the table below.

Ziegler-Nichols Method table
Figure 1: Ziegler-Nichols Method



To use this method, you can follow the steps below:

Figure 2: (Algorithm to calculate the PID gains using the Ziegler-Nichols method


Damping

In the real world, friction affects the behavior of the systems. If there were no frictions, the systems wouldn’t stop and oscillations would continue indefinitely.

Figure 3: The balls would keep hitting forever if there weren’t any friction (even though the video loops)

If friction becomes zero, some systems can behave infinitely like Figure 3.

If the damping ratio gets close to zero, the system will spend more time stopping. If the system can’t stop, it is called oscillation. In the oscillation, the system moves between some of the points. The step response is a commonly used method to analyze systems’ behavior. The system’s behavior can be followed by a step response. In figure 4, we can easily see the relevance between the damping ratio and system behavior. For example, the system can directly reach the set point when ζ=1 however if  ζ=0, the system can’t stop and reach the set point.

We can classify the damping ratio for its oscillation types. We can show the damping ratio with the ζ (Tau) symbol and it is classified as follows:

  • ζ<1 The system is underdamped
  • ζ>1 The system is overdamped
  • ζ=1 The system is critically damped

We can easily understand what the damping ratio means in real life using Acrome’s Ball Balancing Table. The animations below show different damping ratios which are changed using the controller’s PID parameters.

Figure 4: Critically damped PID controller exercise using Ball Balancing Table

In figure 4, the ball movement shows a critically damped behavior. It can reach to set point fastly with zero error. We can consider that the ball’s ζ is close to 1.

Figure 5: Underdamped PID controller exercise using Ball Balancing Table

Figure 6: Overdamped PID controller exercise using Ball Balancing Table

In Figure 6, the ball behaves overdamped. It reaches a set point slowly, which means the ζ>1.

Figure 7: Unstable PID controller exercise using Ball Balancing Table

In Figure 7, the ball behaves in unstable behavior. It can’t reach the set point. Also, the ball draws a random direction on the table

Figure 8: Step response of the 3 different step response types.

Balancing is a very common problem in the industry. Some of the systems are affected by balance. So the system’s balance should be under control. For example, planes can change direction by balance. Moreover, you have already seen in MotoGP™ riders change motorbikes’ slopes instead of turning the handlebar for changing direction.

Figure 9: MotoGP™ is a place where vehicle dynamics + driver abilities combine with each other for controlling the balance of the motorbike.

One Dimensional Balance Problem

Aircraft Roll Motion can also be considered as another real-life example of a balancing problem.

Figure 10 – Roll Motion of the Aircraft. Similar to BBT’s counter motor action, a counter aileron movement is required to control the rolling action.

Rotation around the front to the back axis is called roll. On the outside of a wing, there are small hinged portions called ailerons. An airplane can produce a rolling motion by using its ailerons. Ailerons usually work in opposite positions. For both wings, the lift force (Fr or Fl) of the wing section through the aileron is applied at the section’s aerodynamic center, which is some distance (L) from the aircraft’s center of gravity. This creates a torque T=F x L

Figure 11: Force vectors, CoG, and Resulting Motion happening during the aircraft’s roll motion.

If the ailerons are not controlled correctly, the aircraft will move undesirably. It is exactly what happens in a 1-D ball-balancing application. It can be simulated in a controlled lab using experiment systems such as ACROME’s Ball and Beam System. The Ball and Beam System is one of the real-life applications of the rolling event. Students can experiment with this 1-D balancing application and work with the PID controllers to understand the effect of the ailerons.

Figure 12: ACROME’s Ball and Beam


You can watch using the Ball and Beam Video

You can read more on how Ball and Beam works.

Two Dimensional Balance Problem

The Acrome Ball balancing table is a good experiment for 2-D PID control.

acrome Ball Balancing Table
Figure 13: Unlike Ball and Beam, the Ball Balancing Table controls the position of the ball in 2 dimensions.

Now let’s focus on another angle of control of the airplanes: The Pitch angle. The pitch angle of the planes can be controlled by another wing set called the Elevator. Similar to the ailerons, the elevator is also controlled (up and down) to control the pitch angle of the airplanes.

Figure 14 – The elevator is used to control the pitch (the nose) angle of the airplanes.

This is analogous to controlling the ball with 2 servo motors. How can we do that? 

One of the motors can  control x dimension and the other motor control y dimension.Each motor has different PID controlersl so one motor can only control one dimension.

pitch and roll of the Acrome Ball Balancing Table’s top plate
Figure 15: The two servo motors are used to control the pitch and roll angles of the Ball Balancing Table’s top plate.

You can read more on how the Ball Balancing Table is working.

This concludes our blog about the PID controller. We hope you enjoyed this document.

Feel free to contact us with your questions or recommendations about the PID controllers.