In the world of environmental and geophysical monitoring, infrasound sensors play a pivotal role in detecting low-frequency sound waves emanating from natural or man-made sources. These sensors capture invaluable data that can be used for monitoring volcanoes, detecting avalanches, or even tracking artificial explosions.

However, the raw data from these sensors, often stored in digital counts by dataloggers, require conversion into physical units (Pascals) to be meaningful for analysis and interpretation. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to perform this crucial conversion.

Understanding the Signal Path

The journey of an infrasound signal from physical pressure changes to digital data involves several stages, including the sensor itself, potential preamplification, and finally, analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) by a datalogger. Each stage influences how the final digital count corresponds to the actual pressure change it represents.

Key Components

1. Sensor Sensitivity: Defined typically in V/Pa or mV/Pa, this parameter indicates how much voltage change the sensor produces for a given pressure change. It’s a fundamental characteristic that varies between sensor models.

2. Datalogger ADC Resolution: The ADC’s role is to convert the analog voltage signal from the sensor into digital counts. The resolution of the ADC (e.g., 16-bit, 24-bit, 32-bit) determines the granularity of this conversion, affecting the precision of the digital data.

Conversion Steps

The process of converting digital counts to Pascals involves two main steps

• From Counts to Voltage: First, the raw count values are converted to voltage using the formula:

Here, the ADC Offset is the count value for 0 V input, ADC Max Count are based on the ADC’s bit resolution, and Voltage Range is the full-scale voltage range the ADC can measure.

• From Voltage to Pressure: Next, the voltage is converted to pressure using the sensor’s sensitivity:

This step requires careful attention to unit consistency, especially when converting mV to V.

Practical Example

Let’s go through a clear example of converting digital count values from a datalogger connected to an infrasound sensor into physical pressure units (Pascals). This example will illustrate the step-by-step process using hypothetical yet realistic values for an infrasound monitoring setup.

Example Setup:

• Infrasound Sensor Sensitivity: 50 mV/Pa (millivolts per Pascal)

• ADC Resolution: 24-bit

• Voltage Range of the ADC: ±2.5V (total range 5V)

• Raw Count Value from Datalogger: 10,000,000 counts

• ADC Max Counts: The maximum count value for a 24-bit ADC is 2^24=16,777,216 counts.

• ADC Offset: For a bipolar signal range (±2.5V), the offset (the count corresponding to 0V) is half of the ADC’s maximum count, which is 16,777,216/2=8,388,608 counts.

Step 1: Convert Counts to Voltage

First, we convert the raw count value to voltage using the formula:

Step 2: Convert Voltage to Pressure

Now, we convert the voltage to pressure using the sensor’s sensitivity:

In this example, a raw count value of 10,000,000 from the datalogger corresponds to a pressure change detected by the infrasound sensor of approximately 9.58 Pascals. This process demonstrates how to translate the digital data captured by a datalogger into meaningful physical measurements, allowing researchers and technicians to analyze and interpret infrasound signals accurately.

Important Note: Calibration factors not discussed here (e.g., corrections for frequency response, temperature effects) might also be necessary depending on the precision required for your application. Always refer to the sensor and datalogger manuals for the exact parameters and formulas relevant to your specific setup.

Conclusion

Converting digital counts from an infrasound sensor datalogger to Pascals is a critical step in processing and analyzing infrasound data. Understanding the sensor’s sensitivity and the ADC’s characteristics is essential for accurate conversion. This guide provides a foundational approach for researchers and technicians working in fields where precise environmental monitoring is crucial. By following these steps, one can transform raw digital counts into meaningful physical measurements, unlocking the potential to analyze and interpret infrasound signals for various applications.

Click HERE for our infrasound web pages for your infrasound sensor and software needs.

Questions? Contact us at support@quaklogic.net

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PX-01 Cube Features

• 7-inch industrial-colored touchscreen
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Introduction

Seismic instruments are vital for monitoring and researching geological events. However, these sensitive devices can be easily damaged by power surges, which often occur during thunderstorms or due to electrical malfunctions. Protecting your valuable seismic instrumentation from such unpredictable events is crucial. In this blog, we’ll explore how to shield these delicate systems effectively.

Understanding Power Surges

Power surges can result from various sources, including lightning strikes, sudden changes in power voltage, and incorrect mains connections. The aftermath of a surge is often a burnt circuit board, leaving us to theorize on the cause. However, regardless of the source, the solution remains constant: proactive surge protection.

The Role of Lightning Protection Boxes

Lightning protection boxes serve as the first line of defense, designed to protect data loggers and digitizers from transient voltages. These units not only shield the analog channels but also provide galvanic isolation for the power supply to the sensor, ensuring that surges are de-energized before reaching the digitizer.

Incorporating Surge Protection

While the datalogger’s DC power input comes with built-in reverse voltage and surge protection, additional measures are crucial. Surge protection boxes are specifically designed to safeguard only the digitizer’s analog input channels from high-energy transients.

Ensuring Proper Grounding

The effectiveness of any surge protection device is heavily dependent on a robust Earth system. Without a proper Earth connection, the excess energy from a surge has no path to dissipate, rendering the protection ineffective. Ensure that both the data logger housing and the surge protection boxes are connected to the Earth system to allow for a safe discharging route.

Identifying Installation Needs

Since surge protection requirements can vary greatly depending on the installation environment, it’s vital for customers to assess their site-specific needs. Factors such as the likelihood of lightning strikes, the presence of other antennas, and Ethernet connections should guide the decision on whether to integrate surge protection boxes.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

Installing an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is an excellent step towards mitigating the risk of power surges. A UPS not only isolates the system from mains electricity but also maintains a stable voltage, adding an additional layer of security.

Boosting System Robustness

Enhancing the robustness of your seismic system involves several strategies:

• Surge Protection Boxes: These are essential for absorbing excess energy from transients before they reach your sensitive equipment.
• Following Manufacturer Recommendations: Refer to the manufacturer’s manual, specifically the sections dedicated to surge protection, which offer valuable insights into commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components for further safeguarding your system.

Conclusion

Protecting seismic instrumentation from power surges is not a one-size-fits-all solution. It requires a thorough understanding of your setup and environment. By integrating lightning protection boxes, ensuring proper Earth connections, using UPS systems, and following expert guidance on COTS components, you can significantly reduce the risk of damage to your seismic instruments. Stay vigilant and prepared, and your seismic data collection will continue uninterrupted through storms and spikes alike.

For more information, contact us at support@quakelogic.net

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank Michele Pedroni from Lunitek for his valuable insights and for sharing his experience on surge protections of seismic instruments.